James joyce siblings
James Joyce
Irish novelist and poet (–)
This article is about the writer. For other people with the same name, see James Joyce (disambiguation).
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February – 13 January ) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic. He contributed to the modernistavant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century.
Joyce's novel Ulysses () is a landmark in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly stream of consciousness. Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man () and Finnegans Wake ().
His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters, and occasional journalism.
Joyce was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. He attended the Jesuit Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, then, briefly, the Christian Brothers–run O'Connell School. Despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father's unpredictable finances, he excelled at the Jesuit Belvedere College and graduated from University College Dublin in In , he met his future wife, Nora Barnacle, and they moved to mainland Europe.
He briefly worked in Pula and then moved to Trieste in Austria-Hungary, working as an English instructor. Except for an eight-month stay in Rome working as a correspondence clerk and three visits to Dublin, Joyce resided there until In Trieste, he published his book of poems Chamber Music and his short story collection Dubliners, and he began serially publishing A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the English magazine The Egoist.
During most of World War I, Joyce lived in Zürich, Switzerland, and worked on Ulysses.
Yootha joyce biography James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February – 13 January ) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century.After the war, he briefly returned to Trieste and then moved to Paris in , which became his primary residence until
Ulysses was first published in Paris in , but its publication in the United Kingdom and the United States was prohibited because of its perceived obscenity. Copies were smuggled into both countries and pirated versions were printed until the mids, when publication finally became legal.
Joyce started his next major work, Finnegans Wake, in , publishing it sixteen years later in Between these years, Joyce travelled widely. He and Nora were married in a civil ceremony in London in He made a number of trips to Switzerland, frequently seeking treatment for his increasingly severe eye problems and psychological help for his daughter, Lucia.
When France was occupied by Germany during World War II, Joyce moved back to Zürich in He died there in after surgery for a perforated ulcer, at age
Ulysses frequently ranks high in lists of great books, and the academic literature analysing his work is extensive and ongoing. Many writers, film-makers, and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of interior monologue, wordplay, and the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development.
Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, his fictional universe centres on Dublin and is largely populated by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set in the streets and alleyways of the city. Joyce is quoted as saying, "For myself, I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world.
In the particular is contained the universal."
Early life
Joyce was born on 2 February at 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland, to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane "May" (née Murray). He was the eldest of ten surviving siblings. He was baptised with the name James Augustine Joyce[a] according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church in the nearby St Joseph's Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev.
John O'Mulloy.[b] His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann.
Joyce biography James Joyce (born February 2, , Dublin, Ireland—died January 13, , Zürich, Switzerland) was an Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses () and Finnegans Wake ().John Stanislaus Joyce's family came from Fermoy in County Cork, where they owned a small salt and lime works. Joyce's paternal grandfather, James Augustine, married Ellen O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell, a Cork alderman who owned a drapery business and other properties in Cork City. Ellen's family claimed kinship with the political leader Daniel O'Connell, who had helped secure Catholic emancipation for the Irish in
Joyce's father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation in The family moved to the fashionable small town of Bray, 12 miles (19&#;km) from Dublin.
Joyce was attacked by a dog around this time, leading to his lifelong fear of dogs.[c] He later developed a fear of thunderstorms, which he acquired through a superstitious aunt who had described them as a sign of God's wrath.[d]
In , nine-year-old Joyce wrote the poem "Et Tu, Healy" on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell that his father printed and distributed to friends.
The poem expressed the sentiments of the elder Joyce, who was angry at Parnell's apparent betrayal by the Irish Catholic Church, the Irish Parliamentary Party, and the British Liberal Party that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure Irish Home Rule in the British Parliament. This sense of betrayal, particularly by the church, left a lasting impression that Joyce expressed in his life and art.
That year, his family began to slide into poverty, worsened by his father's drinking and financial mismanagement.
John Joyce's name was published in Stubbs' Gazette, a blacklist of debtors and bankrupts, in November , and he was temporarily suspended from work. In January , he was dismissed with a reduced pension.
Joyce began his education in at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare, but had to leave in when his father could no longer pay the fees.
He studied at home and briefly attended the Christian Brothers O'Connell School on North Richmond Street, Dublin. Joyce's father then had a chance meeting with the Jesuit priest John Conmee, who knew the family. Conmee arranged for Joyce and his brother Stanislaus to attend the Jesuits' Dublin school, Belvedere College, without fees starting in In , Joyce, now aged 13, was elected by his peers to join the Sodality of Our Lady.
Joyce spent five years at Belvedere, his intellectual formation guided by the principles of Jesuit education laid down in the Ratio Studiorum (Plan of Studies). He displayed his writing talent by winning first place for English composition in his final two years before graduating in
University years
Joyce enrolled at University College[e] in to study English, French and Italian.
While there, he was exposed to the scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas, which had a strong influence on his thought for the rest of his life. He participated in many of Dublin's theatrical and literary circles. His closest colleagues included leading Irish figures of his generation, most notably, George Clancy, Tom Kettle and Francis Sheehy-Skeffington.
Many of the acquaintances he made at this time appeared in his work. His first publication—a laudatory review of Henrik Ibsen's When We Dead Awaken—was printed in The Fortnightly Review in Inspired by Ibsen's works, Joyce sent him a fan letter in Norwegian[f] and wrote a play, A Brilliant Career, which he later destroyed.[g]
In the National Census of Ireland listed Joyce as a year-old Irish- and English-speaking unmarried student living with his parents, six sisters and three brothers at Royal Terrace (now Inverness Road) in Clontarf, Dublin.
During this year he became friends with Oliver St. John Gogarty, the model for Buck Mulligan in Ulysses. In November, Joyce wrote an article, The Day of the Rabblement, criticising the Irish Literary Theatre for its unwillingness to produce the works of playwrights like Ibsen, Leo Tolstoy, and Gerhart Hauptmann. He protested against nostalgic Irish populism and argued for an outward-looking, cosmopolitan literature.
Because he mentioned Gabriele D'Annunzio's novel Il fuoco (The Flame), which was on the Roman Catholic list of prohibited books, his college magazine refused to print it. Joyce and Sheehy-Skeffington—who had also had an article rejected—had their essays jointly printed and distributed. Arthur Griffith decried the censorship of Joyce's work in his newspaper United Irishman.
Joyce graduated from the Royal University of Ireland in October He considered studying medicine and began attending lectures at the Catholic University Medical School in Dublin.
When the medical school refused to provide a tutoring position to help finance his education, he left Dublin to study medicine in Paris, where he received permission to attend the course for a certificate in physics, chemistry, and biology at the École de Médecine. By the end of January , he had given up plans to study medicine but he stayed in Paris, often reading late in the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève.
He frequently wrote home claiming ill health due to the water, the cold weather, and his change of diet, appealing for money his family could ill-afford.
Post-university years in Dublin
In April , Joyce learned his mother was dying[h] and immediately returned to Ireland. He would tend to her, reading aloud from drafts that would eventually be worked into his unfinished novel Stephen Hero.
During her final days, she unsuccessfully tried to get him to make his confession and to take communion.[i] She died on 13 August. Afterwards, Joyce and Stanislaus refused to kneel with other members of the family praying at her bedside. John Joyce's drinking and abusiveness increased in the months following her death, and the family began to fall apart.
Joyce spent much of his time carousing with Gogarty and his medical school colleagues, and tried to scrape together a living by reviewing books.
Joyce's life began to change when he met Nora Barnacle on 10 June She was a twenty-year-old woman from Galway city, who was working in Dublin as a chambermaid.
Giorgio joyce biography: James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February – 13 January ) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century.
They had their first outing together on 16 June ,[j] walking through the Dublin suburb of Ringsend, where Nora masturbated him. This event was commemorated as the date for the action of Ulysses, known in popular culture as "Bloomsday" in honour of the novel's main character Leopold Bloom. This began a relationship that continued for thirty-seven years until Joyce died.
Soon after this outing, Joyce, who had been carousing with his colleagues, approached a young woman in St Stephen's Green and was beaten up by her companion. He was picked up and dusted off by an acquaintance of his father's, Alfred H. Hunter, who took him into his home to tend to his injuries. Hunter, who was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife, became one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses.
Joyce was a talented tenor and explored becoming a musical performer.[k] On 8 May , he was a contestant in the Feis Ceoil, an Irish music competition for promising composers, instrumentalists and singers.
In the months before the contest, Joyce took singing lessons with two voice instructors, Benedetto Palmieri and Vincent O'Brien.[81] He paid the entry fee by pawning some of his books. For the contest, Joyce had to sing three songs. He did well with the first two, but when he was told he had to sight read the third, he refused.
Joyce won the third-place medal anyway.[l] After the contest, Palmieri wrote Joyce that Luigi Denza, the composer of the popular song "Funiculì, Funiculà" who was the judge for the contest, spoke highly of his voice and would have given him first place but for the sight-reading and lack of sufficient training.
Rachel joyce biography Born James Augustine Aloysius Joyce on February 2, , in Dublin, Ireland, Joyce was one of the most revered writers of the 20th century, whose landmark book, Ulysses, is often hailed as one.Palmieri even offered to give Joyce free singing lessons afterwards. Joyce refused the lessons, but kept singing in Dublin concerts that year.[90] His performance at a concert given on 27 August may have solidified Nora's devotion to him.[91] Although Joyce did not ultimately pursue a singing career, he would include thousands of musical allusions in his literary works.
Throughout , Joyce sought to develop his literary reputation.
On 7 January he attempted to publish a prose work examining aesthetics called A Portrait of the Artist, but it was rejected by the intellectual journal Dana. He then reworked it into a fictional novel of his youth that he called Stephen Hero that he labored over for years but eventually abandoned.[m] He wrote a satirical poem called "The Holy Office", which parodied W.
B. Yeats's poem "To Ireland in the Coming Times"[n] and once more mocked the Irish Literary Revival. It too was rejected for publication; this time for being "unholy". He wrote the collection of poems Chamber Music at this time; which was also rejected.[o] He did publish three poems, one in Dana and two in The Speaker, and George William Russell[p] published three of Joyce's short stories in the Irish Homestead.
These stories—"The Sisters", "Eveline", and "After the Race"—were the beginnings of Dubliners.
In September , Joyce was having difficulties finding a place to live and moved into a Martello tower near Dublin, which Gogarty was renting. Within a week, Joyce left when Gogarty and another roommate, Dermot Chenevix Trench, fired a pistol in the middle of the night at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed.
With the help of funds from Lady Gregory and a few other acquaintances, Joyce and Nora left Ireland less than a month later.
– Zürich, Pula and Trieste
Zürich and Pula
In October , Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile. They briefly stopped in London and Paris to secure funds before heading on to Zürich.
Joyce had been informed through an agent in England that there was a vacancy at the Berlitz Language School, but when he arrived there was no position.
The couple stayed in Zürich for a little over a week. The director of the school sent Joyce on to Trieste, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the First World War.[q] There was no vacancy there either.[r] The director of the school in Trieste, Almidano Artifoni, secured a position for him in Pola, then Austria-Hungary's major naval base,[s] where he mainly taught English to naval officers.
Less than one month after the couple had left Ireland, Nora had already become pregnant. Joyce soon became close friends with Alessandro Francini Bruni, the director of the school at Pola, and his wife Clothilde. By the beginning of , both families were living together. Joyce kept writing when he could. He completed a short story for Dubliners, "Clay", and worked on his novel Stephen Hero.
He disliked Pola, calling it a "back-of-God-speed place—a naval Siberia", and soon as a job became available, he went to Trieste.[t]
First stay in Trieste
Joyce moved to Trieste in March aged He taught English at the Berlitz school. That June he published the satirical poem "Holy Office".
After Nora gave birth to their first child, Giorgio,[u] on 27 July , he convinced Stanislaus to move to Trieste and attained a position for him at the Berlitz school. Stanislaus moved in with Joyce as soon as he arrived that October, although most of his salary went directly to supporting Joyce's family.
Pastor bob joyce biography
James Joyce (born February 2, , Dublin, Ireland—died January 13, , Zürich, Switzerland) was an Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses () and Finnegans Wake ().In February , the Joyce household once more shared an apartment with the Francini Brunis.
During this period Joyce completing 24 chapters of Stephen Hero and all but the final story of Dubliners, but was unable to get Dubliners published. Although the London publisher Grant Richards had a contract with Joyce, the printers were unwilling to print passages they found controversial; English law could not protect them if brought to court for circulating indecent language.
Richards and Joyce went back and forth trying to find a solution where the book could avoid legal liability while preserving Joyce's artistic integrity. As they negotiated, Richards began to scrutinise the stories more carefully. He became concerned that the book might damage his publishing house's reputation and eventually backed down from his agreement.
Trieste was Joyce's main residence until Although he would temporarily stay in Rome, travel to Dublin and emigrating to Zürich during World War I— it became a second Dublin for him and played an important role in his development as a writer.[][v] He completed Dubliners, reworked Stephen Hero into A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, wrote his only published play Exiles and decided to make Ulysses a full-length novel as he worked through his notes and jottings, working out the characters of Leopold and Molly Bloom in Trieste.[] Many of the novel's details were taken from Joyce's observation of the city and its people, and some of its stylistic innovations appear to have been influenced by Futurism.[w] There are even words of the Triestine dialect in Finnegans Wake.
Joyce was introduced to the Greek Orthodox liturgy in Trieste. Under its influence, he rewrote his first short story and would later draw on it in creating the liturgical parodies in Ulysses.
– Rome, Trieste, and sojourns to Dublin
Rome
In late May , the head of the Berlitz school ran away after embezzling its funds.
Artifoni took over the school but let Joyce know that he could only afford to keep one brother on. Tired of Trieste and discouraged that he could not get a publisher for Dubliners, Joyce found an advertisement for a correspondence clerk in a Roman bank that paid twice his current salary.
He was hired for the position and went to Rome at the end of July.
Joyce felt he accomplished very little during his brief stay in Rome, but it had a large impact on his writing. Though his new job took up most of his time, he revised Dubliners and worked on Stephen Hero. Rome was the birthplace of the idea for "The Dead", which would become the final story of Dubliners, and for Ulysses, which was originally conceived as a short story.[x] His stay in the city was one of his inspirations for Exiles.
While there, he read the socialist historian Guglielmo Ferrero in depth. Ferrero's anti-heroic interpretations of history, arguments against militarism, and conflicted attitudes toward Jews would find their way into Ulysses, particularly in the character of Leopold Bloom. In London, Elkin Mathews published Chamber Music on the recommendation of the British poet Arthur Symons.
Nonetheless, Joyce was dissatisfied with his job, had exhausted his finances, and realised he would need additional support when he learned Nora was pregnant again. He left Rome after only seven months.
Second stay in Trieste
Joyce returned to Trieste in March , but was unable to find full-time work.
He went back to being an English instructor, working part-time for Berlitz and giving private lessons. The author Ettore Schmitz, better known by pen name Italo Svevo, was one of his students. Svevo was a Catholic of Jewish origin who became one of the models for Leopold Bloom. Joyce learned much of what he knew about Judaism from him.
The two became lasting friends and mutual critics. Svevo supported Joyce's identity as an author, helping him work through his writer's block with A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Roberto Prezioso, editor of the Italian newspaper Piccolo della Sera, was another of Joyce's students. He helped Joyce financially by commissioning him to write for the newspaper.
Joyce quickly produced three articles aimed toward the Italian irredentists in Trieste. He indirectly paralleled their desire for independence from Austria-Hungary with the struggle of the Irish from British rule. Joyce earned additional money by giving a series of lectures at Trieste's Università Popolare on Ireland and the arts, as well as on William Shakespeare's play Hamlet.
In May, Joyce was struck by an attack of rheumatic fever, which left him incapacitated for weeks.[y] The illness exacerbated eye problems that plagued him for the rest of his life.
While Joyce was still recovering from the attack, Lucia was born on 26 July [z] During his convalescence, he was able to finish "The Dead", the last story of Dubliners.