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Luigi Galvani

Italian scientist (–)

"Galvani" redirects here. For other uses, see Galvani (disambiguation).

Luigi Galvani (, also;[1][2][3][4]Italian:[luˈiːdʒiɡalˈvaːni]; Latin: Aloysius Galvanus; 9 September – 4 December ) was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher who studied animal electricity.

In , using a frog, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs' legs twitched when struck by an electrical spark.[5]:&#;67–71&#; This was an early study of bioelectricity, following experiments by John Walsh and Hugh Williamson.

Early life

Luigi Galvani was born to Domenico Galvani and Barbara Caterina Foschi, in Bologna, then part of the Papal States.

The house in which he was born may still be seen on Via Marconi, 25, in the center of Bologna.[7] Domenico was a goldsmith.

Galvani luigi biography samples Luigi Galvani (/ ɡælˈvɑːni /, also US: / ɡɑːl -/; [1][2][3][4] Italian: [luˈiːdʒi ɡalˈvaːni]; Latin: Aloysius Galvanus; 9 September – 4 December ) was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher who studied animal electricity.

His family had produced several illustrious men.[7]

Galvani then began taking an interest in the field of "medical electricity". This field emerged in the middle of the 18th century, following electrical researches and the discovery of the effects of electricity on the human body by scientists including Bertrand Bajon and Ramón M.

Termeyer&#;[pl] in the s,[8] and by John Walsh[9][10] and Hugh Williamson in the s.[11][12]

Galvani vs. Volta

Further information: Galvanism

Alessandro Volta, a professor of experimental physics in the University of Pavia, was among the first scientists who repeated and checked Galvani’s experiments.

At first, he embraced animal electricity. However, he started to doubt that the conductions were caused by specific electricity intrinsic to the animal's legs or other body parts. Volta believed that the contractions depended on the metal cable Galvani used to connect the nerves and muscles in his experiments.[12]

Every cell has a cell potential; biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be duplicated outside the body.

Volta's intuition was correct. Volta, essentially, objected to Galvani’s conclusions about "animal electric fluid", but the two scientists disagreed respectfully and Volta coined the term "Galvanism" for a direct current of electricity produced by chemical action.[14]

Since Galvani was reluctant to intervene in the controversy with Volta, he trusted his nephew, Giovanni Aldini, to act as the main defender of the theory of animal electricity.[12]

Death

Galvani actively investigated animal electricity until the end of his life.

Galvani luigi biography samples pdf Luigi Galvani (born September 9, , Bologna, Papal States [Italy]—died December 4, , Bologna, Cisalpine Republic) was an Italian physician and physicist who investigated the nature and effects of what he conceived to be electricity in animal tissue.

The Cisalpine Republic, a French client state founded in after the French occupation of Northern Italy, required every university professor to swear loyalty to the new authority. Galvani, who disagreed with the social and political confusion, refused to swear loyalty, along with other colleagues. This led to the new authority depriving him of all his academic and public positions, which took every financial support away.

Galvani died peacefully surrounded by his mother and father, in his brother’s house depressed and in poverty, on 4 December [12]

Legacy

Galvani's legacy includes:

  • Galvani's report of his investigations were mentioned specifically by Mary Shelley as part of the summer reading list leading up to an ad hocghost story contest on a rainy day in Switzerland—and the resultant novelFrankenstein—and its reanimated construct.

    In Frankenstein, Victor studies the principles of galvanism but it is not mentioned in reference to the creation of the Monster.

  • Galvani's name also survives in everyday language as the verb 'galvanize' as well as in more specialized terms: Galvani potential, galvanic anode, galvanic bath, galvanic cell, galvanic corrosion, galvanic couple, galvanic current, galvanic isolation, galvanic series, galvanic skin response, galvanism, galvanization, hot-dip galvanization, galvanometer, Galvalume, and psycho-galvanic reflex.

Galvani, according to William Fox, was "by nature courageous and religious." Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert said of Galvani that he never ended his lessons “without exhorting his hearers and leading them back to the idea of that eternal Providence, which develops, conserves, and circulates life among so many diverse beings.”[15]

Works

See also

References

  1. ^"Galvani".

    The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th&#;ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 31 May

  2. ^"Galvani". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 31 May
  3. ^"Galvani, Luigi" (US) and "Galvani, Luigi".

  4. Artist biography samples
  5. Galvani luigi biography samples images
  6. Writing a personal biography samples

    7. Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on

  7. ^"Galvani". Dictionary.

    Student biography samples Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician and physicist. One of the early pioneers of bioelectricity, he is known for his extraordinary work on the nature and effects of electricity in an animal tissue, which later led to the invention of the voltaic pile.

    Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 31 May

  8. ^Whittaker, E. T. (), A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Vol 1, Nelson, London
  9. ^ ab"Galvani and the Electrophysiology of Muscular Contraction". Circulation. 26:
  10. ^de Asúa, Miguel (9 April ).

    "The Experiments of Ramón M. Termeyer SJ on the Electric Eel in the River Plate Region (c. ) and other Early Accounts of Electrophorus electricus". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 17 (2): – doi/ PMID&#;

  11. ^Edwards, Paul (10 November ).

    Galvani luigi biography samples free

    Luigi Galvani (born September 9, , Bologna, Papal States [Italy]—died December 4, , Bologna, Cisalpine Republic) was an Italian physician and physicist who investigated the nature and effects of what he conceived to be electricity in animal tissue.

    "A Correction to the Record of Early Electrophysiology Research on the th Anniversary of a Historic Expedition to Île de Ré". HAL open-access archive. hal Retrieved 6 May

  12. ^Alexander, Mauro (). "The role of the voltaic pile in the Galvani-Volta controversy concerning animal vs. metallic electricity".

    Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. XXIV (2): – doi/jhmas/xxiv PMID&#;

  13. ^VanderVeer, Joseph B. (6 July ). "Hugh Williamson: Physician, Patriot, and Founding Father".

  14. Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)
  15. Clear
  16. Luigi Galvani Biography - Pantheon
  17. Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)

    18. Journal of the American Medical Association. (1). doi/jama

  18. ^ abcdBresadola, Marco (15 July ). "Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani". Brain Research Bulletin. 46 (5): – doi/s(98) PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  19. ^David Ames Wells, The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first, pages (page )
  20. ^Luigi Galvani – IEEE Global History Network.
  21. ^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Luigi Galvani".

    Retrieved 1 September

Sources

  • Heilbron, John L., ed. ().

    Artist biography samples: Luigi Galvani (/ ɡælˈvɑːni /, also US: / ɡɑːl -/; [1][2][3][4] Italian: [luˈiːdʒi ɡalˈvaːni]; Latin: Aloysius Galvanus; 9 September – 4 December ) was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher who studied animal electricity.

    The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.

External links